Academy leader - a leader placed at the head of release prints containing
information for the projectionist and featuring numbers which are black on a
clear background, counting from 11 to 3 at 16 frame intervals (see SMPTE
leader).
Big Close-up - (abbr. BCU) a shot taken very close to the subject
(closer than would be necessary for a close-up), revealing extreme detail.
(i.e., part of the human face)
Bridging shot - a shot (cut) used to cover a break in time, or other
break in continuity.
Clapper - the sticks that are slapped together in view of the camera
for the purpose of synchronizing film sound. These are usually, but not always,
attached to the slate and appear at the head or tail of a sync sound take.
Close-up - (abbr. CU) a shot taken very close to the subject ( or with
the subject of the shot very large in the frame), revealing a detail only.
(i.e., the human face, or hands).
Coding - once the workprint and sound stock (mag) have been placed in
sync, the rolls are coded with matching yellow edge numbers so they can be
matched up later once they have been cut up into pieces.
Conforming - the cutting of the OCN to match the final cut of a film.
Contact print - a print made in a contact printer where the original
element and duplicate element actually are pressed together at the point of
expose (no lens involved). Workprints and "dirty dupes" are made this way.
Continuity of motion - the flow of action from one shot to the next as
it is placed on the screen at the cut point. Placing the significant action at
the end of a shot in the same area of the screen where the significant action
will begin in the next shot.
Cross-cut - the intercutting of shots from two or more scenes so the
fragments of each scene will be presented to the viewers attention alternately.
- see parallel action
Cut - in editing, a single unbroken strip of film
Dissolve - a gradual merging of the end of one shot and beginning of
another produced by the superimposition of a fade-out onto a fade-in of equal
length.
Dolly shot - a shot taken while the camera is in motion on a dolly.
Dupe negative - a negative element printed from a positive print (an
inter-positive). Release prints are printed from a dupe negative.
Establishing shot - a shot used near the beginning of a scene to
establish the inter-relationship of details to be shown subsequently in closer
shots.
Fade-in - 1.(n.) a shot which begins in total darkness and gradually
lightens to full brightness. 2. (v.) To gradually bring sound from inaudibility
to required volume.
Fade-out - the opposite of a fade-in.
Inter-positive print (IP) - a fine grain print made from the conformed
original negative which retains the orange cast of the OCN. The IP is used to
produce subsequent dupe negatives.
Jump cut - A cut which breaks the continuity of time by jumping
forward from one part of an action to another.
KeyKode - an extension of the latent edge numbers whereby each frame
is given a number. These numbers are recorded as a barcode on the negative and
can be read by a special reader in the lab or transfer house.
Lab roll - rolls of OCN compiled by the lab for printing which may
consist of several camera rolls.
Latent edge numbers - numbers that are printed onto the edge of the
negative by the manufacturer. These numbers print through onto the workprint and
are used by the negative matchers (conformers) to match the OCN to the final cut
of the picture.
Legal effects - the lengths for fades and dissolves which can be
executed by most printers (16, 24, 32, 48, 64 and 96 frames).
Library shot - a shot used in a film, but not originally taken for
that film.
Long shot (abbr. LS) - a shot taken from a considerable distance.
Often the LS serves as an establishing shot. (i.e., a human figure taken so it
is shorter than the height of the screen)
Low-Con print - a print that is made on a print stock which has been
flashed evenly white light prior to the image being exposed on it. This yields a
lower contrast print (brings up the black levels) which in turn yields a more
attractive video transfer.
Mag stock - magnetic sound recording stock which has edge perforations
that match those perfs. on the picture stock, thereby allowing it to be pulled
along with the picture at the same speed and relative position.
Master shot - a shot which covers an entire piece of dramatic action
(usually a long shot, or wide shot).
Medium close-up (abbr. MCU) - a shot between a MS and a CU. (i.e., a
human figure taken from the chest up)
Medium shot (abbr. MS) - a shot between a LS and a MCU (i.e.,. a human
figure taken from the waist up)
Married print - a positive print which carries both picture and sound
on it. (sometimes called a composite print).
Mute print - a positive print which carries the picture only (silent
print).
Montage - 1) the juxtaposition of seemingly unrelated shots or scenes
which, when combined, achieve meaning (as in, shot A and shot B together give
rise to an third idea, which is then supported by shot C, and so on), or 2) a
series of related shots which lead the viewer to a desired conclusion (as in,
shot A leads to shot B leads to shot C... leads to shot X; shot X being the
outcome of the sequence).
Optical - any device carried out by the optical department of a lab
using an optical printer. (i.e.,. dissolves, wipes, double exposure effects).
Optical printer - used in printing the image from one piece of film
onto another by means of a lens.
Original camera negative (OCN) - the negative film originally passed
through the camera.
Pan - to rotate the camera about on its vertical axis.
Parallel action - a device of narrative construction in which the
development of two pieces of action are presented simultaneously.
Pitch (film stock) - the spacing between perforations.
Relational editing - editing of shots to suggest association of ideas
between them.
Rough cut - first assembly of a film which the editor prepares from
selected takes, in script order, leaving the finer points of timing and editing
to a later stage.
Rushes - prints made immediately after a day's shooting so they can be
viewed the following day. (a.k.a. dailies)
Scene - action that occurs in one location at one time.
Sequence - a series of shots or scenes which has a beginning, middle
and end (like a chapter in a book).
Slate - a board upon which key information about a shot is displayed
(i.e.,. scene and take numbers, title of the show, whether it is day or night,
sync or MOS...). This board is held in view of the camera either at the head or
tail of a shot to identify it to the lab and to the editor. If it appears at the
tail of a shot, it will be held upside-down.
Shot - a recording of a single take.
SMPTE leader - a leader placed at the head of release prints
containing information for the projectionist and featuring numbers which are
black on a medium density background. These numbers count down from 8 to 2 at 24
frame intervals ending at the first frame of the "2" followed by 47 frames of
black.
Sync pop - a single frame tone placed on the sound track so as to
correspond with the "2" frame on the SMPTE leader.
Synchronize (sync) - to place sound and picture in their proper
relationship.
Take - a recording of a single shot.
Tilt - to turn or rotate the camera up or down in shooting.
Timing - the process of adjusting the color balance for the printing
of each scene once the negative has been conformed. (also called grading)
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